The University of Trieste is approaching the end of the year with a result that places it among the small group of Italy’s highest-performing universities: it has been positioned in the top tier of periodic accreditation, receiving a “Fully Satisfactory” institutional judgement from the National Agency for the Evaluation of the University and Research System (ANVUR).

In the assessments available to date, the highest judgement has been awarded by ANVUR to only four other Italian universities out of 33 evaluated: University of Pavia, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (UniMoRe), Politecnico di Torino, and Bocconi University.

“I am very proud to share this outcome: UniTS has been placed in the highest evaluation band. It is a third-party, objective assessment that considers the full scope of our activities: teaching, research, public and social engagement, healthcare-related clinical activities, resources and services. It recognises the quality of teamwork that has involved our entire university community,” said Rector Donata Vianelli.

In the Agency’s final report, the University of Trieste achieved the top rating in 86.7% of the focus points (20 out of 23), compared with a maximum of 78.3% (18 out of 23) recorded so far by other universities placed in the same band.

What periodic accreditation is

Periodic accreditation is the assessment through which ANVUR evaluates, at regular intervals, the overall quality of a university: not only outcomes, but also the processes, procedures and organisation that underpin education, research and third mission/social impact activities, together with resource management and services.

Recognised strengths

The report and the good practices highlighted during the accreditation process point to several distinctive elements. Among the most significant is internationalisation, starting with the substantial share of students from abroad (8% of total enrolments in bachelor’s and master’s degree programmes in academic year 2024/25, one of the highest figures in Italy), and extending to the educational offer that includes double degrees and joint degrees through agreements with European universities. The evaluation also highlights the active involvement of students in decision-making processes and in the quality assurance system, alongside the recognised contribution of technical and administrative staff.

In addition, the Agency notes the University’s commitment to teaching innovation, including through the Teaching and Learning Centre (TLC), and the strengthening of technological equipment in classrooms. In research, UniTS has introduced dedicated support for newly hired researchers: a €10,000 starting grant for those who do not have their own funding.

The evaluation process

The assessment consisted of document analysis and an on-site visit carried out by an Evaluation Experts Committee (CEV) appointed by ANVUR and composed of academics and students. Degree programmes and doctoral programmes were initially reviewed remotely from 5–7 May 2025; the Committee then visited the University from 20 to 23 May 2025 to extend its assessment.

The evaluation covered the University as a whole, a sample of 3 departments (Mathematics, Informatics and Geosciences; Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences; Humanities), 10 first- and second-cycle degree programmes (International Economics and Financial Markets, Physics, Geology, Foreign Languages and Literatures, Law, Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacy, Diplomacy and International Cooperation – Master’s, Computer Engineering – Master’s, Neurosciences – Master’s), and 3 doctoral programmes (Personalised Medicine and Innovative Therapies; Earth Sciences, Fluid Dynamics and Mathematics. Interactions and Methods; Historical, Philosophical and Political-Social Studies).

A path of continuous excellence

Rector Vianelli emphasised the collective nature of this outstanding result and expressed particular thanks to emeritus Rector Roberto Di Lenarda, under whose leadership the evaluation took place, to his governance team—“first and foremost Prof. Gianpiero Adami”—and to the Quality and Strategic Support Staff Unit, which supported the University throughout this phase.

“This excellence judgement,” Vianelli noted, “certifies the robustness of the processes through which UniTS plans, delivers and continuously improves its institutional activities. It strengthens the University of Trieste’s ability to be a reference point for educating students—who in Italy achieve the highest employment rates—for research that is delivering internationally outstanding results, and for social impact through an ongoing dialogue with all local stakeholders, particularly companies, businesses, bodies and institutions. Moreover, success in European calls guarantees the continuous innovation of our infrastructures.

“We are very satisfied with the ANVUR judgement,” concluded Vianelli, who has led the University since 1 August. “In Olympic terms, I would say we have won our gold medal”.

From health emergencies to sustainable everyday shopping, from support for out-of-town students to the wellbeing of pets, all the way to international learning mobility: these are the themes of the five entrepreneurial projects awarded at the Innovators Community Lab 2025 (ICL) final, held in the Sala Cappella of the former Military Hospital in via Fabio Severo.

The event concluded the first edition of ICL, which builds on the experience of the University of Trieste’s Contamination Lab.

During the final, the 20 finalist projects developed throughout this year’s programme were presented. The five €5,000 scholarships for the best entrepreneurial projects were awarded to: ResQ by Francesco Sulli, a Physics student, who aims to develop a smart first-aid case for companies, schools and public spaces; SiVale by Valentina Malijevic, a Law student, outlining a sustainable, plastic-free supermarket based on reusable and traceable containers; inU by Jovana Obradovic, a Psychology student, a digital platform supporting students in choosing a university and in out-of-town life in Friuli Venezia Giulia; Aura by Asja Feruglio, PhD in Design for Made in Italy—developed in collaboration with Siminozar Bahram, a Business Management student—proposing an advanced solution to reduce odours in dogs, combining scientific method and design; Kansje by Chiara Doga’, a Philosophy student, an app that collects and makes accessible opportunities for training and international mobility for young people.

Two training trips were also awarded to Francesco Sulli and Valentina Maljevic, as the best students of the course, enabling them to visit international innovation ecosystems. Overall, the awarded projects and profiles confirm the heterogeneous, multidisciplinary and cosmopolitan character of the ICL cohort, where the exchange of experiences and ideas involved students from different degree programmes and levels—from Physics to Law, from Psychology to Design, Business Management and Philosophy—and from diverse backgrounds.

The final also hosted the round table “Training to innovate: the driver of youth entrepreneurship”, bringing together universities, institutions and the business community on the role of education as a driver of innovation. In the discussion, moderated by journalist Paolo Pichierri, Rector Donata Vianelli stressed the importance of creating structured opportunities for dialogue among young people engaged in different academic pathways, pointing to the value of cross-fertilisation between skills and perspectives to support the transition from idea to entrepreneurial project, and highlighting the need to open up to international contexts and networks. The round table also featured Francesca Ros, President of Confindustria Giovani Alto Adriatico, and Giacomo Andolfato, President of Confindustria Giovani Udine.

Erik Vesselli, UniTS Delegate for Technology Transfer, added: “The Innovators Community Lab brings together the university’s three missions: education, research and social engagement. Technology transfer becomes tangible when research results enter territories, companies and institutions, also through the creation of new start-ups. This can only happen by working side by side, in a cross-fertilisation process involving lecturers, researchers, female and male students, and representatives of the entrepreneurial ecosystem.”

The ICL training programme, now structured to award 6 ECTS credits to those who complete it, further strengthened role-modeling opportunities in this edition, offering examples, experiences and contacts to understand first-hand the dynamics of innovation, enterprise and work through direct engagement with key players from the productive system. Alongside seminars and networking, ICLabbers visited the headquarters of the Marcegaglia Group, where they met the company leadership and toured Casa Marcegaglia, the corporate museum that tells the story, values and vision of a major industrial group.

During the evening, the call for the ICL 2025/2026 edition was also presented, with applications open until 12 January 2026. Full information and the call text are available on the University portal.

Awarded projects (project profiles)

Francesco Sulli, Physics student – “ResQ”
ResQ is a smart first-aid case designed to revolutionise emergency management in workplaces, schools and public spaces. It combines certified medical supplies with integrated sensors and a digital interface that guides users step by step, even those without medical training. Through the ResQ Connect app, it monitors the kit’s status, supply expiry dates and intervention history, simplifying the work of H&S officers and safety managers. The project foresees a family of products (Lite, Standard, Pro, Extreme) for contexts ranging from home use to construction sites and extreme outdoor scenarios.

Valentina Malijevic, Law student – “SiVale”
SiVale, a sustainable supermarket
Each year, millions of tonnes of packaging waste come from shopping baskets. Recycling is improving, but it is not enough: the real issue lies in the single-use model. SiVale was created to change this system, positioning itself as a new-generation supermarket. Here, products are sold loose and via refill dispensers, with free use of reusable containers equipped with RFID technology to ensure traceability. Reverse vending machines collect used containers, put them back into circulation and reward customers at the same time. Shopping no longer generates waste, but becomes an act of innovation and environmental responsibility. SiVale shows that a circular, plastic-free and technologically advanced model can become normal, desirable and scalable.

Jovana Obradovic, Psychology student – “inU”
inU is an independent digital platform that supports students in choosing a university and living as out-of-town students in Friuli Venezia Giulia. It integrates authentic course reviews, peer-to-peer support, detailed local information and a structured partnership with the Regional Guidance Centre (COR) to provide free professional support. With a freemium model and a B2B strategy with local partners, inU aims to become the region’s go-to hub for informed, student-centred university guidance, helping reduce university dropout and enhance the territory.

Asja Feruglio, PhD in Design for Made in Italy – “Aura”
Project developed with Siminozar Bahram, Business Management student
Aura is a research project developing an advanced solution to reduce odours in dogs, ensuring effectiveness, skin safety and biocompatibility. Combining scientific method and design, it delivers a product conceived to improve everyday hygiene and animal wellbeing. Its essence is not merely a fragrance: it represents the bond between dog and human being, a design that translates that relationship into an emotional and identity-based value.

Chiara Doga’, Philosophy student – “Kansje”
Kansje—Dutch for “small opportunity”—is an app designed for young people who want to pursue training or mobility experiences abroad, even with limited time or financial resources. Many free opportunities, funded by the EU or community-based, remain little known and hard to find: Kansje is the first unified database making them accessible through an intelligent matchmaking system that identifies the most suitable experiences for each user. The app also offers personalised guidance before and after departure, an educational pathway to prepare for travel, and a dedicated forum to connect with other young people.

Knowing in advance if a melanoma will tend to spread to other organs could become easier thanks to what dermatologists see with a special lens on the skin: the dermatoscope. This is what emerges from an international study just published by Nature Communications, one of the most prestigious scientific journals in the world, in which Prof. Iris Zalaudek (Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences) participated with a research team from the University of Trieste.

Today, the risk of melanoma metastases is assessed, especially after the cancer has been removed, by analysing certain characteristics such as thickness and the presence of ulceration under a microscope. These parameters remain fundamental, but they do not always allow to accurately identify patients who will have a recurrence or develop metastases.

This is why an international research team coordinated by Aristotle University of Thessaloniki decided to look at another source of information: dermatoscopic images, i.e. ‘enlarged photos’ of melanoma taken before surgery. The study, which involved ten specialist centres on three continents and over 500 patients, collected nearly 800 images. Thirty experienced dermatologists have examined them, describing colours, structures and other visible signs on the lesion in a standardised way.

At this point, the researchers put together all the observations and analysed them in relation to the evolution of the disease over time. It turned out that some recurring details in the images really make a difference. When melanoma has extensive ulceration, i.e. areas where the surface of the skin appears ‘broken’, and the so-called ‘blue-white veil’, the risk of metastasis is higher and the likelihood of remaining free of recurrence over time is lower.

On the contrary, in cases where the lesion shows very intense pigmentation and signs of regression – small scarring areas indicating a reaction of the immune system against the tumour – the behaviour of the disease tends to be less aggressive, with a lower probability of spreading to other organs.

Based on these signs, the international team built three tools to estimate the risk of metastasis: one that uses only dermatoscopic images, one that relies on traditional histological data, and one that combines both information. The most interesting result is that the model based only on the dermatoscope showed a predictive capacity comparable to that of histological parameters. The combination of the two approaches is the best performing.

Looking ahead, this means that the dermatoscope – already indispensable for the early detection of melanoma – could also become a tool for estimating the aggressiveness of the tumour in advance, even before surgery. This would allow for more targeted monitoring and more personalised treatment choices, for example to decide who will need additional treatments or closer monitoring.

The authors note, however, that this is a retrospective study and that the results will have to be confirmed by new research on even greater numbers of patients before entering clinical practice.

Prof. Iris Zalaudek, professor of Cutaneous and Venereal Diseases at UniTS and head of the Department of Dermatology and of the Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV centres at the local health services (ASUGI), argues that ‘the results of the study support the notion that the standard in the melanoma treatment must be an accurate clinical and dermoscopic documentation of the first stages. Dermatoscopy has the potential to act as an additional non-invasive prognostic tool for melanoma, providing valuable information on the biological behaviour of the tumour before excision.’

‘This approach,’ concludes Zalaudek ‘could improve patient risk stratification and support decision-making on adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatments’.

Improve comfort on board, resetting the vibro-acoustic footprint to protect the marine environment and ensure the wellbeing of passengers and crew. These are the ambitious objectives that kicked off the research and development project ‘SilentShip - Acoustic Black Holes, a new frontier for silent ships’.

The initiative, strategic and co-financed by the Regional ERDF Programme of the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, sees the Department of Engineering and Architecture (DIA) of the University of Trieste as a scientific partner, alongside industrial leaders such as Fincantieri and Esteco, with the management support of MareFVG. The project leader is Consorzio Servizi Navali e Industriali - CSNI.

The key to innovation lies in Acoustic Black Holes (ABH), devices based on a particular geometry and applied to parts of the structures. In practice, these geometries cause vibrations to ‘concentrate’ there: mechanical energy slows down and is more easily dissipated by dedicated materials or treatments. This is why ABHs are described as real ‘wells’ of vibrational energy. The use of this technology makes it possible to design light and sustainable solutions to limit the propagation of vibrations generated by the main machinery and, consequently, to contain the noise perceived on board and radiated outwards.

Within the project, the Department of Engineering and Architecture will play a crucial role ranging from theory to experimentation. The research team is led by Giada Kyaw Oo D'Amore, junior researcher at DIA, as scientific project manager and UniTS coordinator and includes Prof. Marco Biot, Prof. Mitja Morgut and Giovanni Rognoni, research assistant at DIA.

UniTS researchers will focus on developing advanced numerical models and performing complex simulations aimed at identifying the most effective ABH geometries and the essential parameters to optimise them. These analyses will also produce useful guidelines to establish where to place prototypes on naval structures to obtain the maximum effect.

The research group will also provide a fundamental contribution in the validation phase, in fact it will design and conduct progressive tests, from the laboratory to naval mock-ups, up to the tests on board the ship. These activities will be used to detect the real stresses that vibrations generate, so as to insert them accurately in numerical models. Tests will also be used to verify the effectiveness of the solutions identified on the computer and to refine the prototypes, ensuring that the expected performance in simulation is confirmed even under operational conditions.

Finally, the commitment of the DIA will extend to sustainability and open innovation aspects. The team will carry out Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of the developed product and will conduct studies to apply Open Innovation solutions consistent with the philosophy of Company 5.0, in which technological progress is oriented both towards improving quality of life and reducing environmental impacts. The Department will also contribute to the definition of the technical specifications of the product and the production process.

The ‘SilentShip’ project has a total funding of € 1,366,685.17, with a regional contribution of € 822,016.20 and EU co-financing of € 328,806.48. The budget available to the UniTS team amounts to € 418 130.20, confirming the importance of the research work carried out by researchers at the University of Trieste.

With a duration of 42 months, the project aims to set a new technological frontier in the naval sector, making vessels not only more comfortable for humans, but also more respectful of the marine environment.

Artificial intelligence capable of translating international guidelines for the treatment of hepatitis C into clear clinical responses consistent with the most up-to-date standards: this is the focus of an international study led by Mauro Giuffrè, PhD student at the University of Trieste (Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences) and researcher at the Yale University School of Medicine, validated by the same authors of the European guidelines for the treatment of the disease.

Hepatitis C is an infection caused by HCV, which affects the liver and can develop into chronic forms with serious complications, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. According to the World Health Organisation, around 58 million people worldwide live with chronic infection and there are over 1.5 million new cases each year. WHO has set an ambitious goal of eliminating hepatitis C as a public health threat by 2030, aiming to reduce new infections by 90% and deaths by 65%.

The development of innovative tools based on artificial intelligence, such as that presented in the study by the University of Trieste, plays a key role in pursuing these objectives: Improving adherence to therapeutic guidelines and facilitating access to appropriate care even in contexts with limited resources are concrete steps that can contribute to achieving global targets.

Significant improvements in clinical accuracy

The team developed and tested two innovative approaches to specialise GPT-4 in HCV management. On the one hand, they developed a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) system that integrates European guidelines in real time which has been tested in two variants (RAG-Top1, which retrieves the single most relevant paragraph, and RAG-Top10, which retrieves the ten most relevant paragraphs). On the other hand, they developed a supervised fine-tuning (SFT) training of the language model on the guidelines’ contents.

The results exceeded all expectations: compared to 36.6% of the GPT-4 base model, the RAG-Top10 model achieved an accuracy of 91.7% in expert evaluations, RAG-Top1 81.7% and the SFT model 71.7%, thus achieving significant improvements compared to the standard model.

A novel validation system that includes guideline extenders and clinical experts

What makes this study particularly relevant is the applied validation methodology, a new entry in the scientific literature. Two separate groups of evaluators were recruited. The first group consisted of four expert hepatologists, selected from the lead authors and chairs of the HCV guidelines of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), the leading European experts in the treatment of hepatitis C and the drafters of the international guidelines.

A second group of hepatologists was added from a tertiary reference centre (Humanitas Hospital, Rozzano), ensuring a double perspective of evaluation between guideline theorists and clinical

practitioners in the field. This approach allowed us to obtain what the researchers themselves define as ‘an evaluation that approaches the gold standard in defining the accuracy of the outputs.’

Towards responsible integration of AI in medicine

The findings open up concrete perspectives for the use of artificial intelligence in clinical decision support. Both RAG and SFT significantly improve the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in managing hepatitis C through guidelines, improving not only the accuracy and clarity of responses, but also the selection of therapeutic regimens in clinical scenarios. The study represents a significant step towards what the authors call ‘the safe integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence into clinical practice’, confirming the potential of specialised and expertly validated language models as concrete decision support tools in medicine, particularly valuable in highly complex contexts such as the management of chronic liver diseases. The research, presented in the article From Guidelines to Real-Time Conversation: Expert-Validated Retrieval-Augmented and Fine-Tuned GPT-4 for Hepatitis C Management, published on Liver International, was supported by Nicola Pugliese and Alessio Aghemo (Humanitas University), bioengineers from the University of Trieste Simone Kresevic and Milos Ajcevic (Department of Engineering and Architecture) and an international network of hepatologists and artificial intelligence specialists, including Dennis L. Shung (Yale), Francesco Negro (University Hospitals of Geneva), Massimo Puoti (Niguarda General Hospital; University of Milan Bicocca), Xavier Forns (Hospital Clínic Barcelona; IDIBAPS; CIBERehd) and Jean-Michel Pawlotsky (UPEC/INSERM; AP-HP Paul Brousse, Paris).

A study conducted by UniTS professors Luca Cegolon (also working at ASUGI Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Department) and Francesca Larese Filon (ASUGI Occupational Medicine Department) has just published in the international scientific journal Contact Dermatitis (Wiley). The researched was focused on contact allergy to 5% nickel sulfate in 31,948 patients who underwent patch tests in Triveneto from 1997 to 2023.

Nickel is the most frequent cause of contact allergy, a hypersensitivity that can develop after repeated and prolonged skin exposures to allergens.

In 1994, EU Directive 94/27/EC restricted the use of nickel in jewellery and other consumer products that may come into contact with human skin.

Although this measure has led to a progressive reduction in nickel awareness in Europe, the benefit has mainly been seen in younger generations. Older people, on the other hand, who were sensitised before the entry into force of the Directive, contribute to the prevalence of nickel contact allergy at the global level.

In detail, the geographical distribution of nickel awareness is heterogeneous and tends to be higher in Mediterranean countries than in Northern Europe, probably due to a late and less stringent application of the European Directive.

Outside the European Union, specifically in North America and Japan, there continues to be a higher and increasing prevalence of nickel sensitisation over the years, due to the lack of restrictive legislation in this area.

The University of Trieste study points out that the prevalence of nickel sensitisation was 26.1% during the study period (1997-2023), followed a progressively decreasing time trend and was significantly lower in males. The trend also revealed an inverted U-shaped trend with respect to the year of birth among women, falling from 35.70% in those born between 1955 and 1964 to 46.24% in those born between 1965 and 1974, to 41.36% among those born in 1975-1984.

The inverted U-shaped pattern of positive reactions to patch tests by year of birth reflects nickel exposure and sensitisation in women aged 20 to 50 years, prior to the entry into force of the European Directive.

As regards the work performed by the persons surveyed, there was a significantly higher prevalence of positive reactions to the patch test among traders, while it was lower among pensioners and housewives. A higher prevalence of positive reactions among traders could reflect prolonged exposure in professions involving coin manipulation, while age-related immunosenescence could explain the lower prevalence of sensitisation in pensioners and housewives.

Although decreasing over the years, the prevalence of positive reactions to nickel has nevertheless remained higher than that of the northern European countries, probably due to a late and less rigorous application of the aforementioned European Directive. Other factors that may contribute to the higher prevalence of sensitisation in Mediterranean countries than in Northern Europe include social trends that have prompted Italian women to use nickel-containing jewellery products early, and higher ambient temperatures that facilitate the release and penetration of allergens into human skin from nickel-containing products.

The engineering sector of Friuli Venezia Giulia is growing again and shows signs of resilience in a still complex scenario. This is clear from the latest report by the FVG Metal Mechanics Observatory, promoted by the COMET Cluster in collaboration with Area Science Park, Intesa Sanpaolo and the Universities of Trieste and Udine. The analysis shows an increase of 0.9% in the sector for 2025, in sharp contrast to the rest of regional manufacturing, which recorded a decrease of1.4%. 

The Observatory, in which the University of Trieste participates as a scientific partner through the Department of Economics, Business, Mathematics and Statistics (DEAMS), offers a detailed picture of a sector that accounts for around 43% of regional manufacturing on its own. The report presented at the end of 2025 certifies a reversal of the trend after two years of slight declines, showing how the FVG metalworking companies are reacting with determination to the complexity of international markets.

The economic and financial analysis gives an articulated picture: between 2021 and 2024, the sector’s overall turnover grew by around 8.7%, in line with national trends, but the comparison between 2024 and 2023 shows a contraction of 4.1% in the region, more marked than the Italian average. Profitability (Ebitda margin) fell to 10.8%, approaching national values, while capital strength improved, with an increase in the share of equity in liabilities.

The report also highlights a growing polarisation of this industry: micro and small companies are more exposed to market difficulties, while medium-sized and large companies, which are more export-oriented and have young governance, perform better. A distinctive feature of the engineering sector compared to the rest of regional manufacturing is the greater propensity to innovate: over a third of companies present concrete signs in this area, including patents, participation in European projects and collaborations with startups and research centres.

In this context, the role of the University of Trieste is to support the production system in reading emerging trends and risks. DEAMS contributes to the design and interpretation of the Observatory’s data, complementing quantitative analysis with qualitative survey tools, such as instant polls on companies’ expectations and strategies with regard to economic, geopolitical, social and technological factors.

‘The 2025 data confirm a key element: regional engineering companies are reacting decisively to the complexity of the international scenario’, comments Professor Guido Bortoluzzi, Professor of Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship at the University of Trieste. ‘Market diversification strategies show concrete signs of effectiveness and, despite geopolitical uncertainties and new tariffs, the sector has been able to navigate the storm better than the rest of the manufacturing sector.’

However, Bortoluzzi draws attention to the challenges that are emerging: ‘We cannot ignore the growing polarisation of this industry: the gap between those who run, driven by exports, certifications and a young governance, and those who struggle, is widening. The time for decisions based only on intuition is over. The future requires a paradigm shift for our companies based on strategic agility, data clarity and the ability to capture weak signals of change.’

To explain this passage, Prof. Bortoluzzi uses a maritime metaphor: ‘Radars are needed to intercept new emerging macrotrends, be they technological, economic or social. Internal connection “networks” are needed to quickly share information and make decisions faster than in the past. Finally, companies need to learn how to casting their “nets”: either by diversifying into more sectors to fish on the surface, or by specialising vertically in its core business to fish deeper and remain competitive in a world where competition has expanded. We have learned to navigate stormy seas, now we need to look up and prepare for the future with continuity, vision and courage.’

An international team of researchers, led by the University of Trieste and the National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS), has discovered in the jellyfish Cotylorhiza tuberculata (commonly known as ‘fried egg jellyfish’ or under the improper name ‘Mediterranean Jelly’) an articulated digestive system, similar to that of more sophisticated organisms, revealing a surprisingly complex internal anatomy that revolutionises the idea of jellyfish as ‘simple’ animals.

The results of the study were published in the scientific journal PLOS One.

Partners of the study include Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., the University of Milan, the Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute of Ljubljana, the University of Primorska and the Aquarium in Piran.

Massimo Avian, associate professor at the Department of Life Sciences of the University of Trieste and Gregorio Motta, post-doc, commented: ‘In order to analyse the anatomical structure of the jellyfish, overcoming the difficulties linked to the fragility and opacity of the tissues, we used a state-of-the-art technique, injecting a resin into the gastrovascular system of the invertebrate which, once hardened, made it possible to obtain a perfect, three-dimensional copy of all the internal channels. The resulting cast was then analysed with an X-ray microtomography”.

The technique used by the researchers made it possible to discover real channels that branch off into the oral arms of the jellyfish, each of which has a central bottleneck, which functionally divides it into two semi-channels. Functional anatomy experiments, carried out by injecting non-toxic dyes into the stomach of live jellyfish to observe internal flows, have also shown that in these channels there is a two-way circulation. The seawater, rich in prey, is initially ingested by the innermost openings of the arms. After reaching the stomach cavity through the innermost semi-channel, after digestion, it descends to the second semi-channel (external), and then is expelled from the most peripheral and distal openings of the oral arms, expansions similar to large tentacles that are observed under the umbrella.

Valentina Tirelli, a researcher at the National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS) among the authors of the study, states: ‘It has always been thought that in jellyfish the same opening served as both mouth and anus. On the other hand, this study shows that there is also a specialisation in Cotylorhiza tuberculata, with pores dedicated to the entry of food and others to the expulsion of waste products, to form a system that resembles a “through-gut” digestive tract, typical of more evolved animals. A similar system had already been identified by some of the co-authors of this work in another jellyfish, Rhizostoma pulmo. As these two species are phylogenetically distant, we hypothesize that this complex digestive mechanism could be much more prevalent among jellyfish than one might imagine.’

The research allowed to deepen the study of the biology of a common creature in our seas, demonstrating through modern observational techniques that evolution can produce complex solutions independently and unexpectedly, even in organisms often considered erroneously primitive.

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Full study published on PLOS One

New advances in jellyfish anatomy: the benefits of endocasts and X-ray microtomography in the investigation of the gastrovascular system of Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Scyphozoa; Rhizostomeae; Cepheidae)

Gregorio Motta1,2*, Marco Voltolini3, Lucia Mancini4, Diego Dreossi5, Francesco Brun6, Valentina Tirelli7,8, Lorenzo Peter Castelletto1, Manja Rogelja9, Antonio Terlizzi1,8, Massimo Avian1

1. Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
2. Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
3. Department of Earth Science Ardito Desio, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
4. Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
5. Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
6. Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
7. National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics, Trieste, Italy
8. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
9. University of Primorska, Aquarium Piran, Piran, Slovenia

From Thursday 27th November to Tuesday 9th December 2025, the Gorizia Campus library of the University of Trieste hosts the travelling exhibition The Garden of the (In)visibles, an international project that invites us to look at European borders as places of stories, passages and rights. 

The set-up stems from the collaboration between the University of Trieste and the Primorska University of Koper (Slovenia), which was launched as part of the Transform4Europe University Alliance: a joint work that exposes objects abandoned by people moving along the routes between Croatia, Slovenia and Italy and transforms them into traces of a shared European heritage.

The project takes the form of field research activities conducted jointly by professors, researchers and students of the two universities. The objects collected along the migratory paths are goods of daily use necessary for eating, sleeping, covering or caring, but also elements related to the intimate and spiritual sphere. Snatched away from the invisibility they are often surrounded by, these materials are recontextualised as ‘talking artifacts’: small physical elements that refer to identities, memories and belongings, opening a bridge between material heritage and intangible heritage, between what remains and the lives that have gone through it.

‘Ourtask as a university, as researchers, as students is above all to stimulate social but also political reflection on what is happening at European borders, not only in our own country, with regard to migratory mobility,’ emphasises Professor Roberta Altin, UniTS Rector’s Delegate for Development Cooperation and scientific coordinator of the exhibition. 

The Garden of the (In)visibles not only exhibitssome objects, but questions visitors and institutions about the materiality of a phenomenon that might remain abstract and calls for a responsible look at what is happening at Europe’s borders.

Conceived as T4E’s Common Cultural Activity of Work Package 7 (Common Heritage & Multilingualism), the exhibition is an evolving project that, step by step, is enriched with local contributions, artistic installations, oral stories and moments of public debate. After its debut at the University of Saarland, the exhibition will cover a total of seven out of ten T4E universities, including Italy, Slovenia, Germany, Portugal, Bulgaria, Spain and Poland. The Gorizia stage has a particularly symbolic value because it brings the project back to the border from which it started, rooting the European dialogue in the territory that inspired it.

The opening is scheduled for Thursday 27th November at 17:00 in the Gorizia Campus library of the University of Trieste (via Alviano 18, first floor). Prof. Roberta Altin from UniTS, Prof. Katja Hrobat Virloget from Primorska University, Prof. Jure Gombač from the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts and Giuseppe Grimaldi of the University of Trieste. The event will also be actively attended by students from UniTS, UP and Collegio Fonda; The ‘Fonda for Others’ working group will gather visitors’ impressions and reflections during the visit.

The exhibition will be open and freely accessible until 9th December 2025. The library will be open from Monday to Thursday from 9:00 to 18.30 and on Fridays from 9:00 to 13:00; the venue will be closed on Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays.

The exhibition will end with a T4EU International Conference entitled ‘Standing up for Higher Education in Times of Global Crises’, scheduled for Tuesday 9th December 2025 at 15:00 in the Main Hall of the Gorizia Campus (via Alviano 18).

For information about the project and the exhibition: t4eu.heritage@units.it.